The Influence of Top Management Team Characteristics on BPD Performance

INTRODUCTION There are so many issues in the business sector in Indonesia that are interesting to investigate, among them are the top management team (TMT), which is consisting of several interesting sub-topics, such as the relationship between TMT and the owner, with the government; military involvement; and the composition of TMT that may cover age, gender, background, education, and so on. It is interesting to discuss management in Indonesia; many problems have not been answered scientifically. This also covers the topic of top management team in Indonesia. Unfortunately, there have not been numerous scientific publications discuss about top management team in Indonesia. This topic is quite popular in the strategic management or human resources among scholars and researchers. The issue becomes increasingly important since there has been a paper published on “upper echelons theory” by Hambrick and Mason in 1984. It has even been updated by Hambrick in 2007, based on the research from Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996). They noted that between 1984 and 1996, there were more than two hundred studies on


INTRODUCTION
There are so many issues in the business sector in Indonesia that are interesting to investigate, among them are the top management team (TMT), which is consisting of several interesting sub-topics, such as the relationship between TMT and the owner, with the government; military involvement; and the composition of TMT that may cover age, gender, background, education, and so on.
It is interesting to discuss management in Indonesia; many problems have not been answered scientifically.This also covers the topic of top management team in Indonesia.
Unfortunately, there have not been numerous scientific publications discuss about top management team in Indonesia.This topic is quite popular in the strategic management or human resources among scholars and researchers.The issue becomes increasingly important since there has been a paper published on "upper echelons theory" by Hambrick and Mason in 1984.It has even been updated by Hambrick in 2007, based on the research from Finkelstein and Hambrick (1996).They noted that between 1984 and 1996, there were more than two hundred studies on "upper echelons theory" published in several major journals all over the world.The topic is mainly discussed in United States and Europe.It has been 28 years since the first publication, but only few of Indonesian researchers conducted a research on the issue.There have been some publications, but none of them has been published in the major journal.
Therefore, we choose the topic with the question of whether the variety of characteristics in top management team may influence the company performance, especially in banking, and more specifically in Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD) in Indonesia.

Business Elites in Indonesia
Indonesia adopts a two-tier system, which separates a board of directors from a board of commissioners.On one hand, the board of directors (hereafter is called top management team) is in charge of operating the company (executive), and on the other hand, the board of commissioners is in charge of monitoring the board of directors in organizing the company.Indonesia has several companies that each of them has different basic characteristics in how each appoints the board of commissioners and board of directors.In a private company, there has been a tendency to appoint the family members of the company owner and several professional people, as well as the employees that are considered brilliant and are appropriate to be included in the top management team.Meanwhile, in the State-Owned Enterprises, the appointment of the board of directors and the board of commissioners is directed and appointed by the government, which is represented by the minister of State-Owned Enterprise.Thus, the minister can appoint the professionals from outside the company or officials from the company.

Regional Development Bank (BPD)
We choose BPD because there has been very little attention from both of international academicians and Indonesia academicians given to this type of

Definition of Top Management Team (TMT)
TMT is defined as those who are in the upper tier in an organization (Hambrick& Mason, 1984).
The potential members of TMT are CEO or chief executive, president of the commissioner, director of finance, director of the operational, and so on.These individuals are the major executives in an organization, and each of them provides instructions and directives on making important decisions.Hambrick, et al. 1996) also add that TMT is every executive at the level of directors.Amason (1996) states that TMT is upper executives involved in the decision making process for the company.
In this case they are the CEO.This definition is supported by West andAnderson (1996), West andSchwenk (1996), and Amason and Sapienza (1997).

The Age of Top Management Team
Psychologically, people at the age of 40 have several distinctions in terms of experience and self-control.They are more mature in thought and in the way of perceiving something.These are the factors of why people at this age sit in the board of the directors.Their mature ways of thinking and their wisdom will help them in the process of decision making.At demographic level, the team diversity refers to some variables such as age that is commonly used to measure the diversity of particular teams.The indicator of diversity is used to measure further the difference in aspects of cognitive, information and value, in which a young manager may have different information, experience, and perspective compared to a senior manager in making a decision in a company concerning the strategic issues.Some researchers find that individuals' values, attitudes, and behaviors tend to vary depending on age (e.g.Hambrick & Mason, 1984, Francesco & Gold, 1998); that executives of various ages who work together differ in their attitudes and values (Wooldridge &Wester, 1991).Pegels and Yang (2000: 697) state that a senior manager tends to avoid any risk (Vroom &Pahl, 1971), while young manager tends to run after risky things, and takes innovative strategy.Hambrick and Mason (1984) speculate that firms with younger executive's experience greater growth and variability in performance and their age affects their strategic decisions.
H1: average age in the top management team has effect towards the performance in BPD.et al. (2005) found that the diversity in education on TMT influences positively the range and the depth of the information used; meanwhile, this may influence the information combination negatively.Nevertheless, the ratio of "cognitive bias" (Herrmann &Datta, 2005;Hambrick & Mason, 1984) also explain that in the previous sub section on the influence of functional background of the educational background, it may become the supplement.Bray et al. (1997) states that education in a university should support the students' career, assuming that higher education has higher chance in getting job.The level of education also reflects the cognitive ability of the people and their skill.Moreover, higher education is related to the higher capacity for processing the information and to the ability to distinguish various situations (Schroder et al. 1967).Bantel and Jackson (1989) find that top management team influences the knowledge of manage the firm and make a good decision.

Dahlin
Although educational background in business is not obligatory for those people who enter the business world, it is better if the team members have educational background in business and economy.Having that background, the members of the team have at least better ability to manage the business and to make any decision related to the business compared to those who do not have educational background in business.As a result, this ability gives better value for the company.

H2: level of education at top management team
will influence the performance of BPD.

Background of Education
Educational background of a member of TMT may determine the level of knowledge that he/she has.In general, people with low education level are different from those who have higher study.
Although being educated in the field of business is not a requirement for entering a business world, it is better if the members of the TMT have the knowledge on business and economy.Hence, the members of TMT shall have better capability to manage the business and are able to take important decisions compared to those who know nothing of business and economy (Kusumastuti, et al., 2007).
The knowledge that is obtained through formal education can help the members of the board of directors to carry out daily tasks, as well as to be able to maintain the position of the company in the competition with other companies by improving the company's performance.Knowledge on business and economy can help him in taking the decision, especially the one that is related to the strategy to be implemented for the company.Glunk et al. (2001) found that the gender distribution to be highly comparable among the three countries: female executives are clearly under-represented in the top 30 companies of the Great Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands.

Gender
Furthermore, according to Jarzabkowski and Searle (2001), the diversity indicated by these measures tends to break down.This means that the longer a team is together, the more familiar the members are with each other and the less that these demographic measures indicate true diversity.For example, in the early stages of team formation, the gender differences are remarkable or significant to the ways of how a team member behaves.Over time, those features of the person become familiar and cease to be remarkable.

Functional Background
According to Ponnu, (2008) TMT should comprise the professional people with their own expertise in the field of law, accounting taxation, finance, and so on.Having expert members lead to a better perspective towards the risk evaluation, competitive advantage, and understanding on the challenges that need to be encountered in business.Diverse background and experience that are suitable for the needs of the company are significant for the composition of the board as a whole.This is caused by the changing demands of

Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis was all the BPDs in Indonesia.
All variables were calculated at the team level which has 203 members of TMT.

Ratio of Solvability
Solvability of a company shows the company's ability to fulfill its financial obligation both in short and long terms if the company is liquidated.A solvable company means that the company has an adequate assets or properties to pay all its debts.Conversely, a company that has inadequate properties to pay the debts is called an insolvable company.

Non Performing Loan (NPL)
Non Performing Loan (NPL) is called bad credit.
It is defined as a loan that is difficult to pay as the result of intentional factor and or external factor beyond the control of the debtor (Siamat, 2001:174).The ratio shows the ability of the bank management in managing the bad credits given by the bank.It means that the higher is the ratio, the worse is the quality of the credit of the bank.
It may lead to higher amount of bad credit and thus increasing the possibility the greater loss due to bad credits.The ratio shows the quality of credit asset, meaning that when the collectability of the total credit is poor, doubted, and bad, then the bank is facing an bad credit.The higher is the ratio, the higher is the amount of uncollected loan.
It leads to the decrease of the bank income.

Ratio of Liquidity
Ratio of Liquidity means the ratio to measure the ability of a bank in fulfilling short term liability when it is due.In other words, the bank should have the ability to pay the disbursement of the depositors as well as being able to suffice the demands on credits.Bank is said to be liquid when it can pay all the debts especially short term debts (savings, check transfers, and deposits) as well as being able to pay and suffice all demands of credits.The less liquid bank may cause the people distrust the bank and thus lead them to draw their savings and decrease the bank's performance.

Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR)
The ratio is used to know the ability of a bank in paying the withdrawal of the depositors by relying on the given credits as the source of liquidity (Dendawijaya, 2005).LDR is also called the ratio of credit towards the total funds of the third party that is used to measure the fund of the third party that is transferred in the form of credit.The credit transfer is a core activity in a bank.Therefore, the main source of income of a bank is earned from this activity.The higher the transfer of fund in the form of credit compared to the deposit or the people's savings in a bank can lead to the higher risks dealt by the bank.The higher the LDR is, the higher the fund should be transferred to the third party.The higher the ratio is, the lower the fund is required to pay the increasing credit (a bank loanup).Conversely, low LDR shows the less effective of a bank in transferring the credit.Low LDR -160 -International Research Journal of Business Studies vol. VIII no. 03 (2015-2016) shows a liquid bank with overcapacity.(Almilia & Herdiningtyas, 2005) Formula: Total loans LDR = x 100% Deposit

Ratio of Profitability
According to Kasmir (2007), the ratio of profitability is called business profitability.This ratio is used to measure the efficiency of a business and the profitability achieved by the relevant bank.
The profits gained from the activities are the representation of a company's performance in operating its business.In other words, the ratio of profitability is not only aimed at knowing the ability of a bank in earning some profits in a certain period, but also to measure the level of the management effectiveness in running the business.

Return On Asset (ROA)
Focus of the previous research which measures the performance of the company was on Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) (Habelian & Finkelstein, 1993;Michel & Hambrick, 1992).ROA is chosen because it shows the ability of the bank performance and it also measures the effectiveness of the company in getting the income from the asset management.The higher the ROA, the better performance of the bank.

Formula:
Net Income ROA = x 100% Total Assets

Return On Equity (ROE)
ROE is employed because it is a ratio between net income and equity (Bodie et al., 2002).In other words, if the ROE value of a company is high, there will be more profits and may have positive influence towards the stock price.ROE has been commonly used to measure the performance of the company's financial condition (Certo et al., 2006).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Descriptive Statistics
Table 1   is also accepted.

CONCLUSION
The general purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of the board in regional development bank (BPD).Therefore, we decide to exa- Then, Taylor (1975) indicates that this must be considered with care, because the older managers also seek more information, evaluate information more accurately, and take more time in making a decision.Secondly, the level of education has a positive effect to the BPD performance.This happens because the top executives' area group of educated people who are mostly hold bachelor and master's degrees.This means that the higher level of education might help the executives in making a good teamwork and decision so that their work will be more effective and their education surely has a positive impact to the firm performance.This finding supports the research from Bantel and Jackson (1989) who find that the team's educational level is significantly correlated with the total innovation and from Norburn and Birley (1988) who find that the educational level has positive effects to the growth of the firm.
Thirdly, the results from educational background, bank.More research on banking conducted in Indonesia were mainly about other issues in other type ofbanks, such as private banks and State-Owned Enterprise banks.If any, it only focuses on one or several BPDs in a province.The issue on the top management team is interesting seen from political views.It has been a public secret that to enter the top management team in BPD, the applicant must have a close connection with the local government, in this case the local government in a province that holds the biggest share in BPD of each province.There may be several BPDs that appoint professional to improve the performance, but this is only one case from a million of cases.There are 26 BPDs in 26 provinces in Indonesia -based on the previous division of provinces before several provinces were expanded.At the end of 2011, the assets of all BPDs in Indonesia reached 305 trillion rupiahs, or in the fourth place in Indonesia after Bank Mandiri (493 trillion), BRI (456 trillion), and BCA (378 trillion) (www.infobanknews.com).
the company from time to time.The board should monitor the expertise and experience of the members according to the criteria of membership that have been established to assess every stage of the company cycle of whether the board has the equipment to carry out its function effectively.However, without having a qualified expertise, a person can contribute to the company by making distinctive decision, showing independent perspective, and acting with no fear.H5: functional background at top management team will influence the performance of BPD METHODS In this researchdeductive method use as the methodological approach.A deductive approach needs a conceptual development and previous theoretical structure, and is examined by using the empirical observation (Gill and Johnson, 2002).Sample of 26 BPDs data in Indonesia were used and taken from 2010 until 2014.They were obtained from the annual report provided by each website of each BPD.From those 26 BPD, there are 203 members of TMT.The members consist of the board of commissioners and the board of directors.In measuring the performance of BPD, Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Return on Asset (ROA), and Return on Equity (ROE), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Operating Expense to Operating Income (BOPO) Non-Performing Loan (NPL), and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) were employed.
, CAR was first legalized as the measuring instrument of banking health in July 1988 by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision under the guidance of Peter Cook, thus making it named Cook Ratio.A bank is considered in good condition if the CAR value is above 8%.Since then, CAR is widely employed in banking business.However, the measurement of CAR value at that time is different with what we have nowadays -there have been some revisions, those are on Basel I in 1996 and the last revision on Basel II in 2004.The measurement used now is the last, that is BASEL II.Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) was employed in this research as the dependent variable to measure the performance of the TMT in BPD because it is one of several indicators of healthy bank issued by the Bank of Indonesia.A bank with a low CAR value will be warned by Bank of Indonesia and within certain periods it will get some sanction if it cannot make any improvement.The sanction is in the form of liquidation from the Bank of Indonesia.Bank of Indonesia has regulated that the tolerated value for CAR is 8% Quality of the Bank Assets quality is also called Earning Assets.The meaning of asset quality means total assets in rupiah and foreign exchange owned by the bank in the purpose of earning certain amount of income.
the different measurement between the interest income earned by the bank or other financial agencies and the interest value paid to the debtors (for example, deposits).It is relative towards the amount of the assets (productive interest).It is similar with the gross margin of the non-financial companies.It is usually stated as the percentage of the source of loan gained by the financial agencies in certain period and other assets that is reduced by the paid interest upon the loan and is divided by the average amount upon the fixed assets of the income earned in the mentioned period (average productive assets).The interest of gross margin is similar to the concept of distributing net interest.However, the distribution of net interest is the average difference of the nominal between the loan and the loan interest rate.It is without any compensation in relation to the fact that the productive assets and the loan fund can be a difference tool and is different in volume.Net interest margin can be higher (or sometimes lower) compared to the distribution BOPO is included in the ratio of profitability (earnings).The success of a bank based on the quantitative evaluation of the bank which can be measured by using the ratio of operational cost towards the operational income.According to Dendawijaya (2005), the ratio of operational cost is used to measure the efficiency level of a bank and the ability of the bank in running the activities.The Ratio of Operational Cost towards the Operational Income (BOPO) is called the efficiency ratio and this ratio is used to measure the management of the bank in controlling the operational cost towards the operational income.et al. (2005 : 4) who studied the relationship between business elites and corporate governance in France and the UK.They developed a conceptual model with a pyramid, and underlying ideologies, assumption and values on which rules and practice draw are positioned closer to the base of the pyramid, in the middle ground were business system, structure and relationship and the top were rules, relegation and practices.Van Veen and Elbertsen (2008) in their article their studied the relationship between governance regime and nationality diversity in corporate boards in Germany, UK and the Netherland.Their concentrate on structural features of governance regimes that might affect the accessibility of boards for foreigners.And then specifically look at corporate governance codes, ownership differences, the legal framework and some business elite traditions.
mine the average age of TMT, level of education, background of education, presence of female on board and the background.Surprisingly, all of our hypotheses is accepted and this is a good indicator for our research.Firstly, the average age of TMT is supported by the positive significance shown in four ratios of performance of BPD.We argue that the average and composition or perhaps the diversity of age in TMT members are excellent because the average of age of TMT in BPD is already in the golden age.Consequently, the executive is wiser and has good instinct and experience.This idea is supporting by the arguments from Mayr (2011) who argued that the detrimental aspects on ageing could be compensated by the package of knowledge, experience and wisdom gained over time and the negative aspects of age gradually weakens because of the complexity of job for executives and the demand of specific skills.
give significant and positive effects to the BPD performance.This is not surprising because most of the executives have backgrounds in economics, managements and accountings which form their good knowledge in making a decision regarding the firm performance.This result supports the research from Berkeley et al. (1991) who find a positive relationship between the firm's performance and the educational background of the TMT members.Warren et al. (2005) suggests that the educational background and experience of the CEO are often reflected on the firm strategy.Fourthly, the presence of female has a positive impact to the BPD performance.This finding supports the research from Carter et al. (2003) who find significant and positive effects of the percentage of women and minorities on boards of directors and firm value.Lastly, we find a positive impact of the functional background to the BPD performance.This finding is similar with the finding from Boone and Hendrix (2009).They find that the functional background of TMT members has a benefit to the firm performance, because of their collaborative behavior and information exchange.

Table 2
. shows the characteristics of TMT of BPD in Indonesia.The first part shows the two-tier system by the board of BPD, in which there are -162 -

Table 2 .
Characteristics of Top Management Team in all BPD

Table 2 .
Characteristics of Top Management Team in all BPD